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Abstract

The increasing presence of emerging contaminants (ECs) in the environment ranging from pharmaceuticals, personal care products, industrial chemicals, to microplastics has raised significant concerns due to their persistence, toxicity, and potential for bioaccumulation. Traditional treatment methods often fail to address these pollutants effectively, necessitating the exploration of alternative and sustainable solutions. Bioremediation, leveraging the natural metabolic capabilities of microorganisms, plants, and fungi, has emerged as a promising approach for the degradation of emerging contaminants. Recent advances in bioremediation have introduced innovative techniques such as genetically engineered microbes, synthetic biology, bioaugmentation, and the use of microbial consortia to enhance pollutant degradation efficiency. Additionally, the use of nano-biotechnology and bioelectrochemical systems has shown great promise in improving bioremediation processes. This review explores cutting-edge developments in bioremediation technologies, highlighting new strategies and methodologies that contribute to enhancing environmental sustainability. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges, limitations, and future perspectives in the field, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of how bioremediation can be optimized for large-scale environmental cleanup efforts.