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Abstract

This study explores the intricate interaction between immune responses and hormonal regulation in biological systems, with a focus on how hormones influence immune function and vice versa. Immune responses are tightly regulated by various hormones such as cortisol, estrogen, and thyroid hormones, which modulate immune cell activity and cytokine production. Conversely, immune responses can alter hormone levels, particularly during inflammation or infection. This reciprocal relationship plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, influencing disease outcomes, and modulating stress responses. We conducted a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments to examine these interactions, using animal models and human cell cultures. Our findings suggest that hormonal fluctuations significantly impact immune system efficacy, while immune signaling can modify hormonal balance, contributing to both protective and pathological outcomes. Understanding this bidirectional relationship opens avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting both the immune and endocrine systems in autoimmune diseases, infections, and metabolic disorders.