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Abstract

Lung cancer remains one of the most prevalent and lethal malignancies worldwide, with its diagnosis often challenging due to the disease’s asymptomatic nature in its early stages. This comprehensive overview explores the multifaceted approach to diagnosing lung cancer, emphasizing the evolution of diagnostic modalities and their clinical implications. It begins by outlining the risk factors associated with lung cancer, including smoking, environmental exposures, and genetic predispositions. The review then delves into the primary diagnostic techniques, starting with imaging methods such as chest X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and positron emission tomography (PET) scans. It also covers the role of advanced imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and emerging technologies like digital tomosynthesis.

The overview further explores the importance of histopathological examination through biopsy methods, such as bronchoscopy, endobronchial ultrasound-guided biopsy (EBUS), and percutaneous needle biopsy. It highlights the advancements in molecular and genetic testing, including the role of liquid biopsies in detecting genetic mutations and guiding personalized therapy. The review also addresses the challenges and limitations of current diagnostic practices, such as the risk of false negatives and the need for improved sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, it examines the integration of diagnostic strategies with staging and prognostic assessments to tailor treatment plans effectively.

By consolidating current knowledge and advancements in lung cancer diagnosis, this overview aims to provide a valuable resource for clinicians, researchers, and healthcare professionals, fostering a deeper understanding of the diagnostic landscape and guiding future innovations in the field.