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Abstract

Barrier immunity is an essential defense mechanism that protects the body from a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and environmental toxins. Epithelial cells lining mucosal surfaces, such as the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract, act as the first line of defense, coordinating innate immune responses and maintaining homeostasis. This review explores the intricate mechanisms underlying barrier immunity, focusing on the dynamic interactions between epithelial cells and the innate immune system. We highlight the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the production of antimicrobial peptides, and the activation of immune cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. Moreover, we examine how disruptions in barrier function can lead to immune dysregulation and the development of inflammatory diseases. Understanding these mechanisms offers potential therapeutic insights for preventing infections and treating immune-related disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and atopic dermatitis.