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Abstract

Infectious diseases remain a significant global health challenge, necessitating innovative vaccination strategies to combat them effectively. Mucosal vaccination, which targets mucous membrane-associated immune responses, has emerged as a promising approach to enhance local and systemic immunity against various pathogens. This abstract provides an overview of mucosal vaccination strategies, highlighting their advantages and potential applications. Mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genital tracts, serve as primary entry points for numerous pathogens. Traditional parenteral vaccines often fail to induce sufficient mucosal immunity, thereby leaving these sites vulnerable. Mucosal vaccination, in contrast, leverages the unique properties of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) to induce robust immune responses at the point of pathogen entry. This approach offers several key advantages, including enhanced local protection, reduced pathogen shedding, and the potential to interrupt disease transmission chains. Various mucosal vaccination strategies have been developed, including intranasal, oral, vaginal, and rectal routes, each tailored to specific diseases and target populations. These strategies employ different vaccine formulations, adjuvants, and delivery systems to stimulate mucosal immunity effectively. For example, subunit vaccines, viral vectors, and live attenuated vaccines have been engineered to optimize mucosal immune responses. Additionally, mucosal vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing diseases beyond the site of administration. Inducing strong local immunity can lead to the production of mucosal antibodies and cellular responses that spill over into the bloodstream, conferring systemic protection. This systemic effect has proven valuable in addressing pathogens that primarily enter through mucosal surfaces, such as respiratory viruses and sexually transmitted infections.