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Abstract

Nanomaterials (NMs) are increasingly being used in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, electronics, and environmental management, due to their unique properties. However, their widespread application raises concerns about potential adverse effects on the environment, particularly marine ecosystems. This review examines the ecotoxicological effects of nanomaterials on marine life, focusing on the mechanisms of toxicity, bioaccumulation, and the potential for ecological disruption. Marine organisms, ranging from microorganisms to higher trophic level species, can be impacted by the physical, chemical, and biological interactions of NMs. The review highlights the most common types of NMs found in marine environments, such as metal-based nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, and polymeric nanomaterials, and discusses their fate and transport in marine ecosystems. Through the analysis of existing studies, we discuss the potential risks of NMs, the challenges in assessing their impact on marine life, and the need for standardized methodologies for ecotoxicological testing. The review emphasizes the importance of a precautionary approach in the application of nanotechnology to minimize its unintended consequences on marine biodiversity.