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Abstract

Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies are essential components of modern cancer management. These approaches involve the use of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted therapy either before (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) surgical resection to improve clinical outcomes. While both strategies aim to reduce the risk of recurrence and improve survival, they are employed in different clinical scenarios, depending on tumor type, stage, and patient characteristics. Neoadjuvant therapy aims to shrink tumors before surgery, facilitating less invasive resections and better surgical outcomes, while adjuvant therapy is administered after surgery to eliminate residual disease and prevent relapse. This article compares neoadjuvant and adjuvant approaches, highlighting the evidence supporting their use, key differences, and challenges associated with each. The goal is to provide a clearer understanding of the evolving role of these strategies in optimizing cancer treatment.

Keywords: Neoadjuvant therapy; Adjuvant therapy; Cancer management; Chemotherapy; Surgery; Personalized medicine; Recurrence prevention