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Abstract

Neutrophils, the most abundant circulating white blood cells, play a central role in both innate immunity and inflammation. These highly versatile cells act as the first line of defense against microbial pathogens, orchestrating pathogen clearance through phagocytosis, degranulation, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, beyond their antimicrobial functions, neutrophils have emerged as key players in the regulation of inflammation, tissue repair, and even the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. This article reviews the multifaceted role of neutrophils in immunity and inflammation, highlighting their protective functions as well as their involvement in tissue damage, chronic inflammation, and autoimmunity. We explore the mechanisms by which neutrophils contribute to both protective and pathogenic responses, focusing on their involvement in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and inflammatory bowel disease. Understanding the dual nature of neutrophil responses in health and disease is crucial for developing targeted therapies that modulate neutrophil function for therapeutic benefit.