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Abstract

Odontogenic tumors are a diverse group of lesions derived from the odontogenic apparatus, encompassing a wide spectrum of clinical behavior from benign to aggressive malignancies. These tumors originate from the toothforming tissues, including the epithelial, ectomesenchymal, and/or mesenchymal components. The classification of odontogenic tumors is intricate, encompassing various entities such as ameloblastomas, odontomas, odontogenic keratocysts, myxomas, and cementoblastomas, each with unique histopathological and clinical features. Ameloblastomas, for example, are locally invasive and have a high recurrence rate, necessitating careful surgical management. In contrast, odontomas, which are hamartomatous formations, typically follow a benign course and are often detected incidentally on radiographs. The diagnosis of odontogenic tumors relies heavily on imaging modalities such as panoramic radiography, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), supplemented by histopathological examination. Advances in molecular biology have enhanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of these tumors, with genetic mutations such as BRAF V600E in ameloblastomas providing insights into targeted therapies. Treatment modalities vary according to the type, location, and aggressiveness of the tumor, ranging from conservative approaches like enucleation and curettage to more radical surgeries including resection and reconstruction. Recent developments in minimally invasive techniques and the potential use of adjuvant therapies such as targeted drugs and radiotherapy are promising areas of ongoing research.

Despite significant advancements, the management of odontogenic tumors poses challenges due to their unpredictable behavior and potential for recurrence, necessitating long-term follow-up. This abstract aims to provide a comprehensive overview of odontogenic tumors, focusing on their classification, diagnostic approaches, molecular pathogenesis, and treatment strategies, highlighting the need for a multidisciplinary approach to optimize patient outcomes.