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Abstract

Periodontal disease is a prevalent chronic inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. It is primarily caused by bacterial plaque accumulation at the gingival margin, triggering an immune response that, if left untreated, leads to tissue destruction and potential tooth loss. The condition encompasses a spectrum of diseases, with gingivitis being the reversible initial stage, and periodontitis representing a more severe, irreversible form involving progressive attachment loss and alveolar bone resorption. Risk factors for periodontal disease include poor oral hygiene, smoking, systemic conditions such as diabetes mellitus, genetic predisposition, and age. This review explores the etiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, systemic associations, and current advancements in the management of periodontal disease. It highlights the critical need for a multidisciplinary approach to address its impact on both oral and systemic health, underscoring its relevance in clinical practice and public health.