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Abstract

Pesticides and pollutants have been central to modern agriculture and industry, with significant implications for environmental health. Their use has been essential in pest control, crop protection, and industrial processes, but their widespread application has raised concerns regarding long-term impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This paper explores the effects of pesticides and pollutants on both land and water environments, highlighting their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Terrestrial ecosystems, including soil health and biodiversity, are adversely affected by pesticide contamination, leading to disruption of food webs and soil structure. Aquatic ecosystems face similar challenges as pesticides and pollutants infiltrate water bodies, causing toxicity to aquatic species and disrupting the balance of aquatic food chains. This review synthesizes scientific evidence on the pathways, mechanisms, and consequences of pesticide and pollutant exposure, focusing on their ecological and environmental repercussions. Strategies for mitigating these impacts, including regulatory measures, alternative pest control methods, and pollution management practices, are also discussed. The paper emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to environmental protection that considers the interconnectedness of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.