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Abstract

Stress responses are critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and organismal health. This review explores the physiological biochemistry underlying cellular adaptation mechanisms in response to stress. We examine the role of key stress response pathways, including oxidative stress management, heat shock protein activation, and autophagy. The intricate interplay between these pathways and cellular signaling networks is analyzed, highlighting their contributions to stress resilience. Additionally, we discuss the impact of chronic stress on metabolic and physiological processes, and the potential for therapeutic interventions targeting stress response pathways to mitigate stress-related diseases. By integrating recent advances in biochemistry and molecular biology, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms by which cells adapt to stress and maintain functionality, offering insights into potential strategies for enhancing stress resilience and promoting health.