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Abstract

We looked into whether first-degree relatives of known patients with intermediate (less than 10%) 5-year risk could be identified as rapid progresses based on demographic and biological characteristics. Antibodies that are linked to diabetes, random proinsulin: Two hundred and eighty-eight islet antibody-positive IA-2Antibody-negative normoglycemia first-degree relatives’ C-peptide (PI/C) ratio and HLA DQ genotype were repeatedly examined. 14 of 258 Abpos/IA-2Aneg relatives developed type I diabetes during follow-up, and their persistent antibodies conferred a 5-year confidence interval diabetes risk. The presence of a 1 HLA DQ susceptibility haplotype in the absence of a protective haplotype and the appearance of a high PI/C ratio or IA-2A positivity on follow-up were identified as independent diabetes predictors in Abpos/IA-2A aneg relatives with persistent antibodies. Having a recurrently high PI/C ratio or developing IA-2A identified a subgroup of 10 of 13 relatives with prediabetes and conferred a 5-year risk in relatives with persistent antibody positivity and HLA DQ risk. Under age 15 years, 5-year movement and awareness 62%. A subgroup of relatives with a high risk of type I diabetes is defined by antibody persistence, HLA DQ risk, elevated PI/C ratio, or later IA-2A development and young age in the absence of IA-2A.