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Abstract

The role of gut microbiota in immune modulation has garnered significant attention due to its profound implications for overall health and disease susceptibility. This review explores current insights into how the gut microbiota influences immune function, highlighting key mechanisms and clinical implications. The gut microbiota, comprising diverse microbial communities, plays a crucial role in shaping immune responses through various mechanisms. Commensal bacteria interact with the intestinal epithelium and immune cells, influencing immune tolerance, inflammatory responses, and the development of systemic immunity. Dysbiosis, characterized by imbalance in microbial composition or diversity, can disrupt immune homeostasis and contribute to immune-related disorders. Strategic dietary interventions, including prebiotics, probiotics, and dietary fiber, have emerged as promising strategies to modulate gut microbiota composition and support immune health. Prebiotics promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, which enhance mucosal barrier function and regulate immune responses. Probiotics, containing live microorganisms, directly interact with immune cells to promote anti-inflammatory cytokine production and enhance immune surveillance.