黑料网

Abstract

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) is a pivotal cytokine involved in regulating immune responses and inflammatory processes, playing a critical role in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This article explores the multifaceted functions of TNF, from its molecular mechanisms in immune regulation to its clinical implications and therapeutic advancements. TNF is primarily produced by immune cells in response to microbial pathogens and tissue injury, exerting its effects through two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which regulate diverse cellular functions including apoptosis, inflammation, and immune cell activation. Dysregulated TNF signaling disrupts immune homeostasis, contributing to chronic inflammation and tissue damage characteristic of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis