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Abstract

Smoking during pregnancy remains a critical public health concern, with significant implications for both maternal and fetal health. Despite awareness of the associated risks, approximately 7.2% of pregnant women in the United States continue to smoke, contributing to various complications. Maternal risks include ectopic pregnancies, placental complications, and preterm labor, which can adversely affect both the mother and the fetus. The fetal risks are profound, with exposure to tobacco smoke linked to low birth weight, congenital abnormalities, and fetal growth restriction. Furthermore, infants born to mothers who smoke face higher rates of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and respiratory issues in childhood. The harmful effects of smoking during pregnancy stem from the numerous toxic chemicals present in tobacco smoke, particularly nicotine and carbon monoxide. These substances restrict blood flow to the placenta, depriving the fetus of essential nutrients and oxygen, leading to developmental issues. Cessation of smoking is crucial to minimizing these risks, with evidence indicating that reducing cigarette consumption or quitting entirely can improve outcomes. Effective strategies for smoking cessation during pregnancy include behavioral support, counseling, and, when appropriate, nicotine replacement therapy.