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Abstract

Diphtheria, a potentially fatal bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, has long been a public health challenge, particularly before the advent of vaccines. Despite significant advances in vaccination efforts, diphtheria remains a concern in certain regions, especially where immunization coverage is suboptimal. This review examines the historical and ongoing battle against diphtheria, focusing on recent advancements in treatment and prevention. Modern treatment strategies, including the use of antitoxins and antibiotics, have dramatically reduced mortality rates, yet timely diagnosis and intervention remain critical. Advances in vaccine development and deployment have further strengthened global efforts to control diphtheria, but challenges persist due to vaccine hesitancy and logistical barriers in low-resource settings. Additionally, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae underscores the need for continuous surveillance and innovation in therapeutic approaches. This paper explores the evolution of diphtheria treatment and prevention, highlighting current strategies and future directions in the global effort to eliminate this once-dreaded disease.