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Abstract

The Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus I (HTLV-I) is a retrovirus endemic in specific regions globally, with high prevalence rates in areas such as Japan, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and sub-Saharan Africa. This article explores the neuroepidemiology of HTLV-I, focusing on its impact on neurological health. HTLV-I is associated with severe conditions such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Neurological complications, particularly in HAM/TSP, include progressive spastic paraparesis, sensory disturbances, and sphincter dysfunction. Epidemiological studies have assessed prevalence, risk factors, and the natural history of HTLV-I infection, often highlighting the importance of targeted prevention strategies. Challenges in diagnosis and treatment include the asymptomatic nature of early infection, limited access to diagnostic tools, and the absence of a cure. As research progresses, a comprehensive understanding of HTLVI’s neuroepidemiology is crucial for effective prevention, improved diagnostics, and the development of therapeutic interventions.