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Abstract

Metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes mellitus represent significant global health challenges characterized by dysregulated energy metabolism and chronic inflammation. Cytokines, key regulators of immune responses and inflammation, have emerged as critical mediators in the pathogenesis and progression of these disorders. In obesity, adipose tissue secretes pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), contributing to insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. Conversely, adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, enhances insulin sensitivity but is reduced in obesity. In diabetes mellitus, dysregulated cytokine signaling exacerbates metabolic dysfunction by promoting pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and TNF-α induce beta-cell apoptosis and impair insulin secretion. This abstract explores the intricate roles of cytokines in metabolic regulation, highlighting their impact on adipose tissue function, insulin sensitivity, and glucose homeostasis. Therapeutically, targeting cytokine pathways holds promise for managing insulin resistance and improving glycemic control in metabolic disorders. Future research directions should focus on elucidating specific cytokine mechanisms, advancing personalized medicine approaches, and developing novel therapies to mitigate the global burden of obesity and diabetes