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Abstract

This paper explores the intricate processes of psychological development during childhood and adolescence, emphasizing the critical stages and factors that influence emotional, cognitive, and social growth. It reviews key developmental theories, including those of Piaget, Erikson, and Vygotsky, to illustrate how children and adolescents construct their understanding of the world. The impact of environmental influences such as family dynamics, peer relationships, and socio-cultural contexts is also discussed. Additionally, the paper highlights contemporary challenges faced by children and adolescents, including mental health issues and the effects of technology on development. Understanding these factors is essential for educators, parents, and mental health professionals to foster healthy development and address potential psychological challenges.