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Abstract

Vitamin D, traditionally known for its role in calcium homeostasis and bone health, has garnered significant attention for its broader immunomodulatory effects. Emerging research highlights the critical role of vitamin D in regulating immune responses, with implications for both the prevention and treatment of cancer. This review explores the mechanisms by which vitamin D influences the immune system, including its effects on innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, and tumor microenvironment modulation. The potential of vitamin D to enhance immune surveillance and reduce cancer risk is examined, alongside its therapeutic applications in improving outcomes for cancer patients. Additionally, the review addresses the challenges of translating these findings into clinical practice, considering factors such as optimal dosing, patient variability, and the interplay with existing cancer therapies. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current evidence, this study underscores the importance of vitamin D as a potential adjunct in cancer prevention and therapy, paving the way for future research and clinical innovations.