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Abstract

The field of plant breeding has undergone a profound transformation, driven by the integration of cutting-edge genetic technologies. Transforming Plant Breeding: From Conventional to CRISPR explores the evolution of breeding methodologies, from traditional techniques such as hybridization and selection, to modern tools like CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and genomic selection. Traditional breeding approaches have long been the foundation for improving traits such as yield, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. However, the emergence of molecular tools has revolutionized the speed and precision with which desirable traits can be introduced into crop genomes. This paper highlights the advantages and limitations of both conventional and modern breeding methods. While conventional breeding relies on selecting for naturally occurring variations, CRISPR technology offers unprecedented precision, enabling the direct editing of genes to achieve specific traits without introducing foreign DNA. The combination of these methods with genomic selection—which uses genomic data to predict breeding outcomes further accelerates the development of crops with enhanced resilience, productivity, and quality.