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Abstract

Unconventional hydrocarbons, including shale gas, oil sands, and other non-traditional fossil fuel sources, have emerged as critical players in the global energy landscape. As conventional reserves decline, these resources offer an alternative pathway to meet growing energy demands. This paper explores the technological advancements, environmental challenges, and economic implications of extracting and utilizing unconventional hydrocarbons. It delves into the methods of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling for shale gas, the extraction processes for oil sands, and the broader spectrum of unconventional sources. Additionally, the environmental impact, including greenhouse gas emissions and land disruption, is critically examined alongside strategies for minimizing harm. With global energy transitions underway, understanding the role and future of unconventional hydrocarbons is essential for balancing energy security, economic development, and environmental sustainability.