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Abstract

Developmental toxicology investigates the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on the developing organism from conception through to adulthood. This article aims to provide an overview of developmental toxicology, focusing on its significance, methods of study, key findings, and future directions. Developmental toxicants can disrupt crucial processes such as cell division, differentiation, and organogenesis, leading to structural abnormalities, functional deficits, and long-term health consequences. Research in developmental toxicology employs various experimental models, including in vitro assays, animal studies, and epidemiological investigations, to assess the potential risks posed by environmental exposures. Recent advances in molecular and computational techniques have enhanced our understanding of toxicity mechanisms and facilitated the development of predictive models for hazard assessment. However, challenges remain in extrapolating findings from animal models to humans, assessing cumulative exposures to multiple toxicants, and addressing data gaps for emerging chemicals. Future research efforts should focus on integrating omics technologies, refining exposure assessment methods, and elucidating the complex interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. By elucidating the developmental origins of disease and informing regulatory decisions, developmental toxicology plays a crucial role in safeguarding human health and promoting sustainable development.