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Abstract

Periodontal diseases are prevalent oral health conditions characterized by inflammation and damage to the structures supporting the teeth. This review provides an overview of the causes, symptoms, and treatment modalities of periodontal diseases. The etiology involves a complex interplay of bacterial infection, host immune response, and environmental factors. Common symptoms include gum inflammation, bleeding, and tooth mobility. Diagnosis typically involves clinical examination, radiographic imaging, and sometimes microbiological tests. Treatment approaches aim to control infection, reduce inflammation, and restore periodontal health through non-surgical and surgical interventions, including scaling and root planing, antibiotics, and periodontal surgery. However, successful management requires patient compliance with oral hygiene measures and regular follow-up visits. Overall, understanding the multifactorial nature of periodontal diseases is crucial for effective prevention and management. Periodontal diseases are prevalent oral health conditions characterized by inflammation and damage to the structures supporting the teeth. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of periodontal diseases, encompassing their causes, symptoms, and treatment modalities. Through an exploration of the etiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis, this paper elucidates the multifactorial nature of periodontal diseases, highlighting the interplay between microbial factors, host response, and environmental influences. Furthermore, the clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria of periodontal diseases are discussed, emphasizing the importance of early detection and intervention in preventing disease progression. Finally, an overview of contemporary treatment approaches, including non-surgical and surgical interventions, is provided, underscoring the significance of personalized and multidisciplinary management strategies in optimizing patient outcomes.