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Abstract

Autoimmune disorders, in which the immune system mistakenly targets the body’s own tissues, represent a broad and diverse group of diseases with varying clinical manifestations. These conditions, which affect multiple organ systems, have complex and poorly understood pathophysiologies, involving genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. This article provides a comprehensive review of the mechanisms underlying autoimmune diseases, including genetic predispositions, immune dysregulation, and environmental triggers. We also discuss the advancements in diagnostic approaches, such as biomarkers and imaging technologies, which aid in early and more accurate detection. In addition, the article explores the current treatment strategies for autoimmune disorders, from conventional immunosuppressive therapies to novel biologic agents and targeted therapies. The challenges associated with treating autoimmune diseases, including managing chronicity, side effects, and the development of resistance, are also highlighted. Finally, the article discusses promising areas of research that may pave the way for more personalized and effective therapies.