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Abstract

Breast cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide, involves complex interactions between tumor cells and their surrounding microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of various cellular and molecular components that significantly influence cancer progression, metastasis, and response to therapy. This article explores the multifaceted role of the microenvironment in breast cancer progression and spread, examining key components such as stromal cells, immune cells, extracellular matrix, and signaling molecules. It discusses how these elements contribute to tumor growth, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and metastatic potential. Understanding the TME’s role provides critical insights for developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting the microenvironment to improve breast cancer treatment outcomes.