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Abstract

Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles secreted by various cell types, have garnered immense interest in recent years for their pivotal role in intercellular communication. These nanoscale membranous vesicles are laden with a diverse cargo, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites, which they shuttle between cells, thereby regulating various physiological and pathological processes. Of particular significance is their involvement in immune regulation, where exosomes act as orchestrators of immune responses through intricate molecular mechanisms. This review delves into the multifaceted roles of exosomes in immune regulation, focusing on their biogenesis, composition, and functions in modulating the immune system. We explore the diverse repertoire of immune cells targeted by exosomes and elucidate the signaling pathways and molecular interactions underlying their immunomodulatory effects. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of exosome-mediated immune regulation in health and disease, highlighting their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Overall, this comprehensive review aims to provide insights into the intricate interplay between exosomes and the immune system, unraveling the complexities of this cellular orchestra in orchestrating immune responses.