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Abstract

Xenobiotics, foreign chemicals introduced into living systems, encompass a diverse array of substances, ranging from pharmaceutical drugs to industrial pollutants. This article delves into the multifaceted impact of xenobiotics on living organisms, exploring their classifications, metabolic processes, and environmental implications. Anthropogenic xenobiotics, such as pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals, pose challenges to human health and the environment, while natural xenobiotics, including plant secondary metabolites, exhibit both defensive and therapeutic properties. The intricate metabolism of xenobiotics, orchestrated primarily by the liver's enzymatic processes, highlights the delicate balance between detoxification and potential toxicity. Environmental consequences of xenobiotic exposure, such as the persistence of pollutants and the emergence of pharmaceuticals in water sources, underscore the need for sustainable approaches like bioremediation. Despite their risks, xenobiotics play a pivotal role in medicine, shaping drug development and therapeutic interventions. This article provides a comprehensive overview of xenobiotics, emphasizing their complex interactions with living systems and the imperative of responsible management in a rapidly evolving global landscape.