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Infectious disease

Infectious diseases also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease, from an infection and caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies, normally harmless or even helpful but some organisms may cause diseases resulted in 9.2 million deaths in 2013 (about 17% of all deaths). Specific medications used to treat infections include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoals, and antihelminthics.

Annals of Infections and Antibiotics is an ºÚÁÏÍø peer-reviewed journal dedicated to publishing cutting-edge research in the field of Antibiotic Resistance and Infectious Diseases. Infections such as swine flu, AIDS, hepatitis, meningitis, urinary tract infections, pulmonary infection, colon infection, and emerging viral diseases such as: SARS, swine flu, zika fever, and Ebola, are of special interest to the journal.

The Journal deals with all aspects of infection such as: infection control, preventive measures, advanced therapies, and treatments for infections. Important topics such as: development of antibiotic resistance and increased prescription of broad spectrum antibiotics over narrow spectrum antibiotics are of special interest.

 

Infections and Antibiotics

Annals of Infections and Antibiotics is an ºÚÁÏÍø peer-reviewed journal dedicated to publishing cutting-edge research in the field of Antibiotic Resistance and Infectious Diseases. Infections such as swine flu, AIDS, hepatitis, meningitis, urinary tract infections, pulmonary infection, colon infection, and emerging viral diseases such as: SARS, swine flu, zika fever, and Ebola, are of special interest to the journal.

The Journal deals with all aspects of infection such as: infection control, preventive measures, advanced therapies, and treatments for infections. Important topics such as: development of antibiotic resistance and increased prescription of broad spectrum antibiotics over narrow spectrum antibiotics are of special interest.

 

Advanced therapy

Advanced therapy medicinal products are new medical products based on genes (gene therapy), cells (cell therapy) and revolutionary treatments of a number of diseases or injuries, such as skin in burns victims, Alzheimer's, cancer or muscular dystrophy. They have huge potential for patients and industry. Therapy is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a diagnosis. In the medical field, it is usually synonymous with treatment. Among psychologists and other mental health professionals, including psychiatrists, psychiatric nurse practitioners, counselors, and clinical social workers, the term may refer specifically to psychotherapy (sometimes dubbed 'talking therapy'). The English word therapy comes via Latin therapÄ«a from Greek: θεραπεία and literally means "curing" or "healing.

Emerging virus diseases

Emerging virus diseases are a major threat to human and veterinary public health such as Ebola virus in Africa, along with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), several influenza subtypes, and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) coronaviruses have underscored the urgency of understanding factors influencing viral disease emergence and spreading world-wide. The world's current leading infectious killer, HIV, has caused an estimated 36 million deaths since the first cases were reported in 1981.

Pulmonary Infection

It mainly affects lungs, as the lung is a frequent target of infection including acute bronchitis or pneumonia, which are often caused by viruses, but also can be caused by bacteria or fungal organisms. It is classified as an upper respiratory tract infection or a lower respiratory tract infection. Lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, more serious conditions than upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold. Infections of the upper respiratory tract include tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, certain types of influenza, and the common cold.

Global infectious diseases

These are new and re-emerging infectious diseases that were once unknown or thought to be waning, along with recognition that drug resistance, hygiene, economic and environmental factors have promoted both reemergence and increased mortality. The global infectious diseases includes AIDS, TB , malaria, influenza, and cholera.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are used to treat a microbial infection. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. Examples antibiotics, antifungals, antiprotozoal, and antiviral drugs.

Related Journals of Antimicrobial Drugs

Trends in Microbiology, International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins.

(HIV/AIDS)

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). initial infection, a person may not notice any symptoms or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness and followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms. As the infection progresses, it interferes more with the immune system, increasing the risk of infections like tuberculosis, tumors. These late symptoms of infection are referred to as AIDS and associated with weight loss.

Sulfa Antibiotics

One of sulfonamides, the sulfa-related antibiotics which are used to treat bacterial and some fungal infections. The first sulfa drug was prontosil used to kill bacteria and fungi by interfering with their metabolism.

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

This infection affects the part of the urinary tract affects mostly the lower urinary tract it is known as a bladder infection (cystitis) and in case of upper urinary tract it is known as kidney infection (pyelonephritis). Symptoms from a lower urinary tract include pain with urination, frequent urination, and feeling the need to urinate despite having an empty bladder, rarely the urine may appear bloody. In the very old and the very young, symptoms may be vague or non-specific.

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics

These are active against a selected group of bacterial types. Narrow spectrum antibiotics are used for the specific infection when the causative organism is known and will not kill as many of the normal microorganisms in the body as the broad spectrum antibiotics. So, It has less ability to cause superinfection. These cause less resistance of the bacteria as it will deal with only specific bacteria. examples include Azithromycin (a azalide, a subclass of macrolide antibiotic), Clarithromycin etc.

Broad spectrum antibiotics

Antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria and used for For drug resistant bacteria, In super-infections and empirically prior to identifying the causative bacteria. A broad-spectrum antibiotic acts against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, in contrast to a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, which is effective against specific families of bacteria. An example of a commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotic is ampicillin.

Antifungal Agents

One of the antibiotic groups which destroy the growth of fungi. The most common types are mycoses such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as Cryptococci meningitis.

Herpes Virus

It is a viral disease caused by the herpes simplex virus. Oral herpes involves the face or mouth. It may result in small blisters in groups called cold sores or fever blisters or may just cause a sore throat and finally results in ulcers. The first stage is more severe and may be associated with fever, muscle pains, swollen lymph nodes and headaches. Other disorders include: herpetic whitlow which involves fingers, herpes of the eye, herpes infection of the brain, and neonatal herpes when it affects a newborn, among others.

Rotavirus

It is the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children and mainly transmitted by faecal-oral route. It is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses belongs to the family Reoviridae. Mainly it effects infants due to lowered immunity. There are eight species of this virus, referred to as A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H. Rotavirus A, the most common species, causes more than 90% of rotavirus infections in humans.

Beta-lactams

These are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structures. This includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins(cephems), monobactams, and carbapenems and work by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis in the bacterial organism. These are the most widely used group of antibiotics. These are used for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible organisms. At first, β-lactam antibiotics were mainly active only against Gram-positive bacteria, but recent development of broad-spectrum β-lactamantibiotics active against various Gram-negative organisms has increased their usefulness.

Hepatitis B

The hepatitis B virus is a DNA virus belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses and not related to the hepatitis A virus or the hepatitis C virus. Hepatitis B virus, abbreviated HBV, is of the double stranded DNA type,a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus, which is likewise a part of the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses.This virus causes the disease hepatitis B and is classified as the type species of the Orthohepadnavirus, which contains three other species: the Ground squirrel hepatitis virus, Woodchuck hepatitis virus, and the Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus.

Infection control

Infection prevention and control measures aim to ensure the protection of those who might be vulnerable to acquiring an infection in general community and while receiving care due to health problems, in a range of settings.

It is concerned with preventing healthcare-associated infection. It is an essential, part of the infrastructure of health care. Infection control and hospital epidemiology are akin to public health practice, practiced within the confines of a particular health-care delivery system rather than directed at society as a whole. Anti-infective agents include antibiotics, antibacterials, antifungals, antivirals and antiprotozoals. The basic principle of infection prevention and control is hygiene.

Streptomyces

Streptomyces is the largest genus of Actinobacteria and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. streptomycetes are Gram-positive, and have genomes with high GC content Streptomycetes are characterised by a complex secondary metabolism. They produce over two-thirds of the clinically useful antibiotics of natural origin (e.g., neomycin, cypemycin, grisemycin, bottromycins and chloramphenicol).

Streptomycetes are infrequent pathogens, though infections in humans, such as mycetoma, can be caused by S. somaliensis and S. sudanensis, and in plants can be caused by S. caviscabies, S. acidiscabies, S. turgidiscabies and S. scabies.

Toxicology

Toxicology is that the study of the adverse effects, molecular targets, and characterization of medicine or any chemical substance in excess (including those useful in lower doses).

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

It is the lowest concentration of a substance that prevents visible growth of a bacterium, whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) is the concentration that results in microbial death.

MICs are usually the starting point for larger preclinical evaluations of novel antimicrobial agents

Swine flu

It is an infection caused by swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. The known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.

Antiseptics

Antiseptics are a diverse class of drugs which are applied to skin surfaces or mucous membranes for their anti-infectiveeffects. This may be either bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic. Their uses include cleansing of skin and wound surfaces afterinjury, preparation of skin surfaces prior to injections or surgical procedures, and routine disinfection of the oral cavity aspart of a program of oral hygiene.

Antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. Antibacterials are antiseptics that have the proven ability to act against bacteria. Microbicides which destroy virus particles are called viricides or antivirals.