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Ankle injuries; Sports medicine; Accurate diagnosis; Magnetic resonance imaging; Lateral ankle

Introduction

Acute lateral ankle injuries are among the most common musculoskeletal injuries encountered by athletes, particularly those participating in sports involving rapid changes in direction, jumping, and landing. These injuries not only pose a significant challenge to athletes but also present a considerable burden on sports medicine professionals tasked with their management. Understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying these injuries and implementing effective management strategies are crucial for minimizing downtime, preventing long-term complications, and facilitating athletes' safe return to sport [1, 2]. The lateral ankle complex comprises several anatomical structures, including the Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL), Calcaneofibular Ligament (CFL), and Posterior Talofibular Ligament (PTFL), which play a pivotal role in maintaining ankle stability during weight-bearing activities. Acute lateral ankle injuries typically result from excessive inversion or "rolling" of the ankle, leading to stretching or tearing of these ligaments, with or without associated bone or cartilage damage. The initial phase of management often focuses on alleviating pain and inflammation through rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE), in conjunction with nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) as needed. Subsequently, a structured rehabilitation program tailored to the individual athlete's needs is initiated, comprising exercises aimed at restoring strength, flexibility, proprioception, and neuromuscular control [3,4].

Description

Acute lateral ankle injuries are a common occurrence among athletes participating in various sports activities, ranging from recreational to elite levels. These injuries typically involve damage to the ligaments on the outside of the ankle, namely the Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL), Calcaneofibular Ligament (CFL), and sometimes the Posterior Talofibular Ligament (PTFL), resulting from sudden twisting or turning motions. Management of acute lateral ankle injuries in athletes involves a comprehensive approach aimed at minimizing pain, reducing swelling, restoring function, and preventing future occurrences [5]. Upon initial assessment, a thorough clinical examination is conducted to evaluate the extent of ligamentous damage, assess ankle stability, and rule out associated fractures or other injuries. Imaging studies, such as X-rays and MRI scans, may be utilized to further assess the severity of the injury and guide treatment decisions [6].

In the acute phase, immediate management typically involves the application of the RICE protocol (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) to reduce pain and swelling. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) may also be prescribed to alleviate pain and inflammation. Depending on the severity of the injury, immobilization with a supportive brace or boot may be recommended to protect the ankle and facilitate healing [7]. Following the acute phase, a structured rehabilitation program is initiated to restore strength, flexibility, proprioception, and balance. This typically includes a combination of therapeutic exercises, manual therapy techniques, and functional activities aimed at improving ankle stability and preventing recurrent injuries. Proprioceptive training, in particular, plays a crucial role in enhancing neuromuscular control and reducing the risk of future ankle sprains [8]. As athletes progress through rehabilitation, a gradual return-to-sport protocol is implemented, emphasizing proper technique, movement mechanics, and sport-specific drills to ensure a safe and successful return to activity. Athletes are closely monitored throughout this process to assess their readiness for full participation and address any lingering deficits or concerns. In addition to acute injury management, preventative measures are essential in reducing the risk of recurrent ankle sprains among athletes [9,10]. Injury prevention programs, incorporating exercises targeting ankle strength, flexibility, and proprioception, are increasingly emphasized in sports training regimens. Athletes are educated on proper footwear selection, ankle taping techniques, and strategies to avoid high-risk activities that may predispose them to injury [11].

Conclusion

In conclusion, effective management of acute lateral ankle injuries in athletes requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration between sports medicine physicians, physical therapists, athletic trainers, and coaches. By implementing evidence-based treatment strategies, emphasizing rehabilitation and injury prevention, athletes can optimize their recovery, minimize downtime, and return to their sport with confidence.

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