黑料网

Cellular; Endocrinologists; Peripheral neuropathy; Hyperglycemia

Introduction

Diabetic foot complications pose a significant burden on individuals with diabetes and healthcare systems worldwide. Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, affects millions of people globally. Among the various complications associated with diabetes, diabetic foot complications stand out due to their potential to cause severe morbidity, increased healthcare costs, and a significant reduction in the quality of life for affected individuals. Diabetic foot complications primarily arise from a combination of peripheral neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, and impaired wound healing. Peripheral neuropathy refers to the damage or dysfunction of nerves in the extremities, leading to altered sensation, loss of protective sensation, and abnormal foot biomechanics. Peripheral arterial disease, on the other hand, involves a reduced blood flow to the lower extremities, leading to poor oxygenation, impaired wound healing, and increased vulnerability to infection [1-3]. Impaired wound healing, often associated with diabetes, further exacerbates the risk of developing foot ulcers and subsequent complications. The prevalence of diabetic foot complications is alarming, with estimates suggesting that up to 25% of individuals with diabetes will develop a foot ulcer during their lifetime. Furthermore, diabetic foot ulcers are a leading cause of lower extremity amputations, with diabetic individuals being 10 to 30 times more likely to undergo amputation compared to those without diabetes. These statistics highlight the urgent need for a comprehensive understanding of diabetic foot complications and the development of effective prevention and management strategies. The understanding of diabetic foot complications has evolved over the years, aided by advancements in medical research and technology [4-8]. Researchers have made significant progress in unraveling the complex pathophysiology underlying these complications. Additionally, healthcare professionals have recognized the importance of multidisciplinary approaches and patient education in preventing and managing diabetic foot complications. This article aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of diabetic foot complications and highlight emerging strategies for their prevention and management. It will explore the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, and impaired wound healing. The identification of risk factors associated with the development of diabetic foot complications will be discussed. Additionally, the assessment and classification systems for diabetic foot ulcers will be examined, along with emerging diagnostic approaches. Finally, this article will explore the multidisciplinary strategies and emerging interventions that hold promise in preventing and managing diabetic foot complications [9, 10].

By comprehensively examining the current knowledge and emerging strategies in the field, this article aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts to reduce the incidence of diabetic foot complications, improve patient outcomes, and enhance the overall quality of life for individuals living with diabetes.

Methods

In order to provide a comprehensive overview of diabetic foot complications and the emerging strategies for prevention and management, a systematic review of relevant literature was conducted.

The following methods were employed:

Literature search

A thorough search of electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar, was conducted. Keywords used for the search included "diabetic foot complications," "diabetic foot ulcers," "diabetic neuropathy," "peripheral arterial disease," "wound healing," "prevention," and "management." The search was limited to articles published in English within the last 10 years to ensure the inclusion of recent research and emerging strategies.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Articles were included if they provided insights into the pathophysiology, risk factors, assessment, prevention, or management of diabetic foot complications. Studies involving human subjects, animal models, and in vitro experiments were considered. Articles focusing on other aspects of diabetes management unrelated to diabetic foot complications were excluded [11-14].

Article selection

The initial search yielded a large number of articles. Titles and abstracts were screened to identify relevant studies. Full-text articles of potentially relevant studies were then reviewed for inclusion in the review.

Data extraction

Pertinent data from selected articles, including study design, sample size, methodology, key findings, and recommendations, were extracted and organized in a systematic manner.

Data synthesis

The extracted data were synthesized to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of diabetic foot complications. Common themes, trends, and emerging strategies were identified and discussed.

Ethical considerations

As this study relied on existing published literature, ethical approval was not required.

Limitations

It is important to acknowledge that this review has certain limitations. The exclusion of non-English articles and the focus on recent publications within the last 10 years may introduce a potential bias. Furthermore, the review process itself is subject to the inherent limitations of the included studies. By employing these methods, a systematic review of the literature was conducted to gather relevant information on diabetic foot complications and the emerging strategies for their prevention and management [15]. The findings of this review provide a comprehensive understanding of the current knowledge in the field and highlight the potential directions for future research and clinical practice.

Discussion

Diabetic foot complications pose significant challenges in terms of morbidity, healthcare costs, and quality of life for individuals with diabetes. The understanding of diabetic foot complications has evolved over the years, leading to advancements in prevention and management strategies. In this discussion, we will explore the current understanding of diabetic foot complications and highlight emerging strategies for their prevention and management.

Pathophysiology of diabetic foot complications

The pathophysiology of diabetic foot complications involves the interplay of multiple factors, including neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, and impaired wound healing. Peripheral neuropathy leads to loss of protective sensation and altered foot biomechanics, making the foot vulnerable to pressure, trauma, and subsequent ulceration. Peripheral arterial disease contributes to reduced blood flow, impairing wound healing and increasing the risk of infection. Impaired wound healing in diabetes is attributed to hyperglycemia-induced microvascular and macrovascular changes, chronic inflammation, and altered growth factor signaling.

Risk factors and assessment

Understanding the risk factors associated with diabetic foot complications is crucial for early identification and intervention. Poor glycemic control, longer duration of diabetes, presence of peripheral neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease, foot deformities, and history of previous ulcers are among the known risk factors. Proper assessment and classification of diabetic foot ulcers, such as using the Wagner, Texas, or University of Texas Diabetic Wound Classification System, aid in determining the severity and guiding appropriate management.

Prevention strategies

Prevention is paramount in reducing the incidence of diabetic foot complications. Patient education plays a pivotal role in promoting foot health, including daily foot inspections, proper foot hygiene, appropriate footwear selection, and self-care practices. Regular visits to a multidisciplinary foot care team allow for early detection and intervention. Offloading techniques, such as the use of pressurerelieving devices and orthotics, help redistribute forces and reduce the risk of ulceration. Regular foot screening and appropriate management of modifiable risk factors, such as glycemic control and blood pressure, are essential.

Management strategies

Effective management of diabetic foot complications requires a multidisciplinary approach. Wound care practices, including proper debridement, choice of dressings, and advanced wound care technologies, promote healing and prevent infection. In cases of critical limb ischemia, revascularization procedures may be considered. Surgical interventions, such as debridement, reconstruction, and amputation when necessary, are performed to preserve limb function and quality of life. Emerging therapies, including growth factors, cellular therapies, bioengineered skin substitutes, and advanced wound care technologies, show promise in enhancing wound healing and reducing the impact of complications.

Emerging strategies and future directions

The field of diabetic foot complications is rapidly evolving, with ongoing research and technological advancements. The development of wearable sensors and smart insoles allows for real-time monitoring of foot pressures and temperature, enabling early detection of potential problem areas. Advances in bioengineering and regenerative medicine offer potential novel approaches for promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration. Additionally, the integration of telemedicine and digital health platforms facilitates remote monitoring, education, and timely intervention.

Conclusion

In conclusion, diabetic foot complications remain a significant challenge, but the current understanding and emerging strategies offer hope for prevention and effective management. Early identification of risk factors, proper assessment, patient education, multidisciplinary care, and the integration of emerging technologies contribute to improved outcomes. Continued research and collaboration between clinicians, researchers, and industry are crucial for further advancements in diabetic foot complications management and ultimately reducing the burden on individuals with diabetes.

1. Malhotra R, Chan CS, Nather A (2014) . Diabet Foot Ankle 5: 24445-24456.

, ,

2. Mutluoglu M, Uzun G, Sildiroglu O, Turhan V, Mutlu H, et al. (2012) . J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102(5): 369-373.

, ,

3. Tietjen AK, Ghandour R, Mikki N, Jerdén L, Eriksson JW, et al. (2021) . Qual Life Res 30: 547-557.

, ,

4. Wang Q, Xu G (2022) . J Diabet Res Rev Rep 4: 1-3.
5. Porrini E, Ruggenenti P, Mogensen CE, Barlovic DP, Praga M, et al. (2015) . Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 3: 382-391.

, ,

6. Harjutsalo V, Groop PH (2014) . Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 21: 260-266.

, ,

7. Bae JH, Han KD, Ko SH, Yang YS, Choi JH, et al. (2022) . Diabetes Metab J 46: 417-426.

, ,

9. Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, et al. (2022) . Diabetes Res Clin Pract 183: 109-119.

, ,

11. Ogurtsova K, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Huang Y (2017) . Diabetes Res Clin Pract 128: 40‐50.

, ,

12. Del Pino‐Sedeno T, Trujillo‐Martin MM, Andia I (2018) . Wound Repair Regen 27(2): 170‐182.
13. Krutsch W, Memmel C, Alt V, Krutsch V, Tröß T, et al. (2022) . Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 142(3): 455-463.

, ,

14. Munn J, Sullivan SJ, Schneiders AG (2010) . J Sci Med Sport 13(1): 2-12.

, ,

15. Fortuna M, Teixeira S, Machado S, Velasques B, Bittencourt J et al. (2013) . PLoS One 8(11): 79-912.

, ,