黑料网

Achillis tendon; Tendinosis; Paratenonitis; Frank rupture; Insertional tendinitis; Ultrasound technology; Antiinflammatory drugs

Introduction

Both traumatic and nontraumatic issues with the Achilles tendon, like insertional tendinitis, intra-substance tendinopathy, and full rupture, can affect both adolescents and adults. Pain around the Achilles tendon can also be brought on by retrocalcaneal bursitis and paratenonitis. Swelling and soreness in the heel or posterior part of the ankle are symptoms. Imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound might be used to confirm a diagnosis.

Nonsurgical interventions such as ice, Non-Steroidal Anti- Inflammatory Medications (NSAIDs), heel lifts, immobilization, and physical therapy are used as treatment. Surgical treatment, which involves tendon debridement and repair, removal of bony prominences, and tendon transfer, is indicated when conservative methods have not improved symptoms [1-5].

Imaging technology for diagnosis

Ultrasonography and MRI are the best imaging techniques for the Achilles tendon. Rapid, secure, and reasonably priced ultrasound can quickly locate sick tendon segments. Ultrasound makes fluid surrounding the tendon crystal transparent in cases of acute Achilles tendinopathy. The most frequent ultrasound findings in patients with Achilles tendon anomalies include tendon edema and thickening, discontinuity of tendon fibers, and focal hypoechoic intratendinous regions. One disadvantage of ultrasound is its inability to distinguish between a partial Achilles rupture and a specific location of tendinosis. It is user-dependent and might not be able to tell the difference between paratenonitis and Achilles tendinosis. Imaging the internal morphology of the Achilles tendon is quite easy with MRI. It distinguishes well between tendinosis and paratenonitis. MRI may produce multiplanar images of the Achilles and is not user-dependent. The degree of tendon deterioration can be determined using this information, which is helpful for preoperative planning.

Types

Insertion Achilles tendinitis

At the Achilles attachment location on the back of the calcaneus, nsertional Achilles tendon issues develop. There is tendon degeneration and different levels of calcification at the insertion site. In older people, insertional Achilles tendonitis typically develops gradually and without trauma.

Diagnosis

Patients who have insertional Achilles tendonitis report heel pain on the backside. Haglund deformity or a bony protrusion is frequently seen. 4 Problems with footwear are frequent. Patients typically complain of pain and stiffness after waking up from sleep or after spending some time sitting. In many cases, a shoe with a raised heel is more comfortable than one with a flat heel. Upon examination, it is discovered that there is soreness, swelling, and a bony protrusion where the Achilles attaches. Increased chronic inflammation may be accompanied by thickening of the Achilles tendon. Passive dorsiflexion of the foot may cause some discomfort. The presence of a bony Haglund deformity at the posterior aspect of the calcaneus can be detected using radiographs. The degree of Achilles tendon deterioration can be assessed using an MRI.

Treatment

Anti-inflammatory drugs and altered footwear are two methods of treating insertional Achilles tendonitis. Heel lifts, which raise the heel to ease pressure on the Achilles insertion, can relieve pain. The posterior bony prominence may experience less shoe irritation thanks to the heel lift. In individuals who does not progress with previous treatments, immobilization with a boot brace or cast may be required. Stretching the Achilles tendon as part of physical therapy may also be beneficial for easing pain and inflammation. When conservative therapy is ineffective, surgery is advised [6-10].

Achillis tendinosis

The midsection of the Achilles tendon frequently degenerates. Achilles tendinosis manifests grossly as a yellowish, thicker tendon caused by an accumulation of mucin in the affected region. Both runners and people with systemic illnesses like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis are susceptible to this problem. Antibiotics called fluoroquinolones have also been linked to tendinopathy of the Achilles. Women are more likely than males to develop tendinopathy due to systemic variables including hypertension and hormone replacement medication, although obesity is an etiologic factor in both men and women due to decreased local vascularity. Achilles tendinopathy has been linked mechanically to foot pronation.

Diagnosis

Five to eight cm in front of the Achilles tendon's insertion on the calcaneus is where Achilles tendinopathy first manifests as thickening. The majority of patients report a subtle beginning without trauma. The thickened tendon frequently has swelling and pain on palpation over the afflicted area. Patients report experiencing pain after waking up from sleep or after spending a lot of time sitting still. In this population, climbing stairs is challenging. Achilles tendon thickening without any discomfort is another manifestation of tendinosis. Achilles tendinosis presents as a hypoechoic lesion on ultrasonography, either with or without intratendinous calcification. The degree of intratendinous degeneration can be estimated using MRI.

Treatment

Immobilization in a cast or boot brace is a nonsurgical method of treating Achilles tendinopathy. Pain and inflammation can also be reduced by rest, NSAIDs, and ice. Modalities used in physical therapy might also be beneficial. To correct over-pronation, utilize full-length semi-rigid orthotics. It is best to avoid cortisone injections because they could induce a frank rupture. Although additional research is required to determine the effectiveness, platelet-rich plasma injections have showed some promise in the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy.

Paratenonitis

Paratenonitis, an inflammation of the tissue surrounding the Achilles tendon, is particularly frequent in younger distance runners. Paratenonitis and Achilles tendinosis frequently co-occur, however paratenon inflammation can also happen on its own. The paratendinous tissue exhibits capillary growth and inflammatory cells histologically. In response to stress, myofibroblasts in the paratendinous tissue produce collagen, which causes the paratenon to constrict and the blood flow to the Achilles tendon to decrease.

Diagnosis

The Achilles tendon will be painful and swollen both medially and laterally upon physical examination. Frequently, patients will complain of tightness in the gastrocnemius-soleus complex. To find out if there is gastrocnemius tightness, perform the Silfverskiold test. Ankle dorsiflexion will rise in a patient with tight gastrocnemius when the ipsilateral knee is flexed as opposed to extend. In isolated paratenonitis, the soreness and thickness will not change with ankle motion. The tendon itself thickens as the procedure goes along and assumes a fusiform shape. Ultrasound imaging can reveal acute fluid around the tendon as well as adhesions surrounding the tendon with more persistent inflammation. On T2-weighted images, MRI will demonstrate thickening of the paratenon due to high signal levels.

Treatment

A firm ankle/foot orthosis or boot brace immobilization is two nonsurgical treatments for paratenonitis. Physical therapy, ice, and NSAIDs are also beneficial. Activity modification and a cushioned heel lift or shock-absorbing orthotic in their running shoes will help younger, more active patients. Brisement can be applied to the paratenon to aid loosen adhesions. The paratenon sheath is injected slowly with 5-10 mL of either saline or lidocaine during this procedure. In order to prevent intra-tendinous injection, ultrasound is useful.

Chronic Achillis rupture

A rupture that has gone untreated for longer than four weeks is considered chronic. Patients typically remember some ankle edema and soreness in the back. The distance between these ruptures and the calcaneal insertion is normally 3 to 6 cm. Patients will express difficulties pushing off with the injured limb. The Achilles tendon in the area of the damage has thickened, according to an examination. The Thompson test could reveal a non-functional tendon if it is positive. Depending on how persistent the rupture is, there may be a perceptible gap with varied degrees of discomfort. Patients who are severely weak in the gastrocnemius-soleus complex won't be able to lift their heels even one time.

Treatment

The aim of treatment for a chronic Achilles tendon rupture is to completely restore the gastrocnemius-soleus complex to its ideal length and continuity. The method used will depend on how large the tendon defect is. End-to-end tendon restoration is typically doable with gaps up to 4 cm. To restore the integrity of the tendon in bigger lesions, a V-Y advancement operation or turndown of the central slip is employed. The majority of publications advise combining flexor tendon augmentation with a V-Y advancement or central turndown.

References

1. Chen TM, Rozen WM, Pan WR (2009) . Clin Anat 22: 377-385.

, ,

2. Paavola M, Paakkala T, Kannus P (1998) . Acta Radiol 39: 612-619.

, ,

3. Goodwin DW (2000) Imaging of the Achilles tendon. Foot Ankle Clin 5: 135-148.

,

4. McGarvey WC, Palumbo RC, Baxter DE (2002) . Foot Ankle Int 23:19-25.

, ,

5. Den Hartog BD (2003) Flexor hallucis longus transfer for chronic Achilles tendinosis. Foot Ankle Int 24: 233-237.

, ,

6. Parmar C, Meda KP (2007) . Foot Ankle Int 28: 1287-1289.

, ,

7. Holmes GB, Lin J (2006) . Foot Ankle Int 27: 952-959.

, ,

8. Paavola M, Kannus P, Jarvinen TA (2002) . J Bone Joint Surg Am 84: 2062-2076.

, ,

9. Monto RR (2012) . Foot Ankle Int 33: 379-385.

, ,

10. Schepsis AA, Jones H, Haas AL (2002) . Am J Sports Med 30: 287-305.

, ,