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Dry Matter Partitioning and Harvest Index of Maize Crop as Influenced by Integration of Sheep Manure and Urea Fertilizer

Sajid Khan¹, Ahmad Khan¹, Fazal Jalal^3*, Maaz Khan², Haris Khan¹ and Said Badshah¹

¹Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan

²Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan

³Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan

*Corresponding Author:

Fazal Jalal
Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan
Pakistan
Tel: +923138352880
E-mail: jalal_146@yahoo.com

Received date: April 11, 2017; Accepted date: April 22, 2017; Published date: April 29, 2017

Citation: Khan S, Khan A, Jalal F, Khan M, Khan H, et al. (2017) Dry Matter Partitioning and Harvest Index of Maize Crop as Influenced by Integration of Sheep Manure and Urea Fertilizer. Adv Crop Sci Tech 5: 276. doi: 10.4172/2329- 8863.1000276

Copyright: © 2017 Khan S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Abstract

The experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of sheep manure (SM), its application timing (AT) and N fertilizer (urea) on dry matter partitioning and harvest index. The study was conducted on RCBD split plots arrangement at Agronomic research farm during 2015. Sheep manure (SM1=3 t ha-1, SM2=4 t ha-1, SM3=5 t ha- 1) and application timing (AT1=15 days before sowing, AT2=At sowing time) were allotted to main plots however, fertilizer N (N1=0 kg ha-1, N2= 90 kg ha-1, N3=120 kg ha-1) were applied to sub-plots. Application of 5 t ha-1 of sheep manure at 15 days before sowing significantly enhanced pre-tasseling (stem and leaves) and physiological maturity (stem, leaves, cobs and grains) dry matter partitioning and harvest index. Pre-tassel and physiological maturity dry matter accumulation were higher with application of 120 kg N ha-1 however, Application of 5 t sheep manure ha-1 at 15 days before sowing and 120 kg N ha-1 was recommended for higher dry matter accumulation of maize crop.

Keywords

Sheep manure; Nitrogen; Application timing; Dry matter; Harvest index

Introduction

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important crop in the world after wheat and rice. It is a tropical crop but can be grown profitably in subtropical and temperate climatic zones of the world during spring and summer season [1]. In Pakistan after wheat and rice, maize holds the central position and is extensively cultivated (1.11 million hectares) in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [2]. In Pakistan satisfactory potential yield has not been achieved due to several limitations. The poor soil organic matter and imbalance fertilizer application are the important limitations, which limits plants growth, carbohydrate production and dry matter accumulation [3,4].

Dry matter production is basically a measure of plant photosynthetic efficiency [5], which is influenced by balance nutrient availability [6], and environmental factors [7]. Leaves are the major source of dry matter production through photosynthesis, and then accumulated into various plant parts through different physiological processes [5]. The dry matter production in cereals is highly depended on plant photosynthetic efficiency and the sink capacity to accumulate the photosynthates from the leaf [8]. The balance nutrient provision increase the dry matter production into various plant parts through its impact on more leaf area production and high photosynthetic rates [9]. The dry matter production highly influenced the plant biomass production and grain yield of the crop [10,11].

Nitrogen is very important for crop plants especially for cereals. Uptake of nitrogen by plant roots occurs in the form of ammonium (NH4+), and NO3- which becomes available through mineralization and nitrification respectively [12]. Nitrogen fertilizer enhances the vegetative growth, maize biomass and dry matter production [13], which ultimately resulted in higher crop productivity [14]. Nitrogen is very important for optimum plant return in term of dry matter and crop yield, but it had also adverse effects on soil fertility, environment and because of its high cost it increase the cost benefit ratio of crop [15]. Combined use of chemical and natural fertilizers is advantageous in enhancing the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plants [16], improve soil fertility and productivity on sustainable basis [17]. These improved soil properties and nutrients availability enhance the fresh and dry biomass production and improve the crop growth [18].

Sheep manure contain high amount of primary macro nutrients and other essential nutrients for plants [19]. The use of organic matter positively influences vegetative and reproductive growth of plants [20] and dry matter production [21]. Naturally available animal manure and plant residues can be used as an alt rnative cheaper source of synthetic fertilizers [22]. It provides nutrients to plants and adsorb essential nutrients such as Fe2+, Mg2+ and NH4+ cations, which are essential for enzymes activation and chlorophyll formation, and assimilates production [23]. To get optimum returns from manure application it should be incorporated at proper time, to synchronize the nutrient release from manure with supreme crop growth stage. The better synchronization of nutrients with crop occurs because of rapid mineralization and decomposition at initial stage [24].

Fertilizer is added to soil either in inorganic or organic form for improvement of chemical properties, improving soil fertility, and increase maize production. However, information are limited on the use of sheep manure as a source of organic fertilizers, it application time and also in combination with urea fertilizer. Therefore, this experiment was designed to find out the response maize dry matter and their respective accumulation into various parts by the integrated use of sheep manure and fertilizer N (urea).

Materials and Methods

An experiment was designed at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Peshawar, to find out the impact of combined application of sheep manure and urea fertilizer. Randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement was used with four replications. Sheep manure at the rate of 3, 4 and 5 t ha^-1 and application timing at two levels (15 days before sowing, at sowing time) was allotted to main plots and fertilizer N at 3 levels (0, 90 and 120 kg ha^-1) was allotted to sub plots of size 5 m × 3.5 m. Sheep manure was incorporated in their respective plots 15 days before sowing and second treatment of SM was applied at sowing time, along with 90 kg N ha^-1 (from SSP) and half of fertilizer N (urea). The second dose of N was applied at knee height of plant. Azam variety was sown on 19th June 2015 with the help of seed drill. Plant to Plant distance of 20 cm was maintained after proper thinning. Weed was removed from field with the help of hoeing. The crop was harvested at proper maturity and then sundried and threshed. Dry matter was calculated at two stages of crop growth that is given below.

Dry matter partitioning was recorded at pre-tasseling stage by randomly harvesting 1 m row from each sub plot. Harvested plants were divided into stem and leaves (leaf sheath+leaf blade), and these materials were oven dried at 70°C for 24 hours and their weights were recorded with the help of sensitive balance. At physiological maturity, dry matter partitioning was computed by harvesting 1 m long row selected randomly from each sub plot. The harvested plants were separated into stem, leaf, husk, grains, cobs and tassel. These materials were oven dried at 70°C for 24 hours and their weights were recorded.

The data was analyzed statistically with analysis of variance technique appropriate for RCBD split plots arrangement. Means was compared by LSD technique at 0.05 level of probability.

Results

Dry matter partitioning at pre-tasseling (g plant^-1)

Data regarding dry matter partitioning in stem, leaves and total dry matter (TDM) at pre-tasseling is demonstrated in Table 1. Data analysis clarified that stem dry matter was significantly influenced by different sheep manure rates, its application time and N levels. Among various interactions only SM × N was found to have significant effects for pretasseling dry matter partitioning.

Table 1: Stem, leaf, and total dry matter (g plant^-1) of maize at pre-tasseling as affected by integrated management of sheep manure and urea fertilizer.

Sheep manure application of 5 t ha^-1 amassed maximum stem, leaf and total pre-tasseling dry matter (10, 25.5, and 35.5 g plant^-1), respectively followed by 4 t ha^-1 (9.9, 22.8, 32.7 g plant^-1), while lowest dry matter (8.9, 21.8, 30.8 g plant^-1) was noticed from plots receiving 3 t ha^-1 sheep manure. Dry matter production is a function of nutrients availability and uptake by the plant [6], environmental and genetic factors [7]. At this stage higher dry matter were produced in leaves than stem. The higher dry matter accumulation in leaves and stem with addition of sheep manure might possibly since manure provides macro and micro nutrients to soil, improves soil properties and water use efficiency, better soil fertility might have increased the photosynthetic efficiency and partitioning of photo assimilates [25]. These findings are fully supported by Ayeni and Adetunji [26] who concluded that manure incorporation into the soil supply essential nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn) to the maize crop, that resulted in maximum dry matter production with higher rates of manure. Greater dry matter (9.9, 24.6, 34.4 g plant^-1) was resulted from plots receiving sheep manure 15 days before sowing while its incorporation at planting time accumulated lowest dry matter (9.3, 22.2, 31.5 g plant^-1) respectively in stem, leaves and whole plant. Maximum dry matter accumulation recorded from plots receiving sheep manure prior to planting could be due to better mineralization of sheep manure and synchronization of nutrient release with crop growth stage, this timely nutrient availability might have increased the crop growth rate, leaf area, and dry matter partitioning in stem and leaves [27].

At pre-tasseling highest dry matter in stem, leaves and whole plant (10.8, 26.3, 37.1 g plant^-1) respectively was accumulated by applying 120 kg N ha^-1, that was higher than dry matter (9.2, 22.2, 31.5 g plant^-1) accumulated by 90 kg N ha^-1 treatment, while lowest stem dry matter (8.7, 21.7, 30.4 g plant^-1) was observed in stem, leaves, and whole plant respectively in plots with no nitrogen application. Maximum dry matter accumulation with higher N level could be explained by the fact that N fertilization is indispensable for photosynthesis and protein synthesis, and higher photosynthetic efficiency ultimately resulted in maximum dry matter production. These findings are supported and confirmed by Desta [28] who concluded increase in dry matter production with increasing N. Leaf, stem and ultimately total dry matter production in plots receiving 120 kg N ha^-1 was probably due to essentiality of nitrogen for protein synthesis, amino acids, enzymes, coenzymes, nucleic acids, phytochromes, and chlorophyll formation, that have the effects on dry matter production [29], high chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and photo assimilates [25].

Interaction SM × N (Figure 1) reveals that increasing sheep manure rates from 3 to 4 t ha^-1, stem dry matter production was not significantly affected with enhancing N levels, from 0 and 90 kg ha^-1, however it increased significantly with 120 kg N ha^-1, but with application of 5 t SM ha^-1 it increased linearly across all the three levels of N. The SM × N interaction (Figure 2) indicated that in plots having 3 and 4 t SM ha- 1, the leaf dry matter production increased slightly with nitrogen rates from 0 and 90 kg ha^-1, however leaf dry matter greatly decreased with 5 t SM ha^-1, and was further increased with increasing N from 90 to 120 kg ha^-1. The relative increase in leaf dry matter was highly pronounced in 5 t SM ha^-1 treated plots. SM × N interaction (Figure 3) reveals a mild increase in TDM from 3 and 4 t SM ha^-1 with increasing N levels from 0 to 90 kg ha^-1 resulted in non-significant differences. In 5 t ha^-1 sheep manure treated plots TDM accumulation first decrease with nitrogen levels from 0 to 90 kg ha^-1, whereas more increase in N enhanced total dry matter accumulation in maize.

Figure 1: Interactive response of sheep manure (SM) and nitrogen (N) for stem dry matter at pre-tasseling.

Figure 2: Interactive response of sheep manure (SM) and nitrogen (N) for leaf dry matter at pre-tasseling.

Figure 3: Interactive response of sheep manure (SM) and nitrogen (N) for total dry matter at pre-tasseling.

Highest dry matter at pre-tasseling with combined application of SM and urea fertilizer could be related to the balanced nutrients provision, improved soil physical and chemical properties, and higher N that might have improved plant metabolism, photosynthetic efficiency, leaf expansion and plant growth and might have increased the dry matter production [6,29] observed maximum DM accumulation from combined use of manure and synthetic fertilizer which was in conformity to our finding. The maximum dry matter production by leaves compared to stem was in negation [30] who observed maximum dry matter accumulation in stem compared to leaves after 8 weeks of sowing the crop. Dry matter accumulated in leaves up to leaf area index of 5, thereafter further increases in dry matter translocated in to stem [7].

Dry matter portioning at physiological maturity (g plant^-1)

Perusal of the data (Table 2) showed that dry matter (DM) assimilation at physiological maturity stages into different plant components (stem, leaf, cob, grains) was significantly affected by sheep manure, its application timing, nitrogen levels, and M × N interaction, while the remaining interactions except AT × M for grains and total dry matter was found non-significant. Regarding remaining plant (husk and tassel) parts only dry matter accumulation in husk was significantly affected by N levels, while dry matter partitioning to shank, silk and tassel was found non-significant at all levels of sheep manure, its application time and nitrogen rates.

Table 2: Dry matter partitioning (g plant^-1) at physiological maturity of maize as affected by integrated management of sheep manure and urea fertilizer.

Mean comparison indicated that maximum dry matter (40.3, 33.6, 11.4, and 60.2, 176.9 g plant^-1) were partitioned in to stem, leaf, cob, ear, and whole plant respectively, in plot having 5 t SM ha^-1, which was followed by 4 t ha^-1 (36.3, 31.6, 10.1, 53.5, 168.0 g DM plant^-1), while lowest dry matter accumulation (34.5, 30.7, 9.4, 49.9, 151.0 g plant^-1), respectively was reckoned from 3 t ha^-1 sheep manure incorporation. Incorporation of 3 and 4 t ha^-1 sheep manure to plants accumulated statistically comparable dry matter at physiological maturity stage across stem, cobs, grains and TDM. In stem more DM accumulation was observed than leaves at physiological maturity. Increased dry matter production from higher levels of sheep manure might be associated with more nutrients availability with higher amounts of sheep manure [19], improved soil aeration, water holding capacity, improved adsorption of calcium, magnesium, and potassium by forming clay humic complexes, and activities of soil microorganism [31], that might have improved plant growth [32], and photosynthetic production [25] and accumulated maximum dry matter. These finding are supported by Buriro [33] who observed higher dry matter production with increasing levels of manure. Likewise, with sheep manure incorporation 15 days before sowing higher dry matter was accumulated in stem, leaves, cobs, grains, and in whole plant (38.5, 32.9, 10.8, 56.8, 169.6 g plant^-1) than its application at sowing time (35.5, 31.1, 9.8, 52.3, 161.0 g plant^-1), respectively. This greater production of dry matter with sheep manure application before planting might be due to optimum mineralization of manure, and with more nutrients availability which might have helped in increasing root growth, water use efficiency and better soil fertility [34].

Nitrogen application of 120 kg ha^-1 reckoned optimum dry matter at physiological maturity in stem, leaves, cobs, grains and whole plant (40.8, 34.3, 12, 61.6, 183.7 g plant^-1), which was higher than 90 kg ha^-1 N (37.1, 32.0, 10.2, 54, 161.6 g plant^-1), while lowest dry matter (32.2, 29.7, 8.7, 48.1, 150.6 g plant^-1) was observed from control plots, respectively. Regarding husk optimum dry matter (13.2 g plant^-1) at physiological maturity was accumulated in plots receiving 120 kg N ha^-1, which was followed by 90 kg N ha^-1 (11.7 g plant^-1), while lowest (9.9 g plant^-1) was observed from control. Maximum stem, leaves, cobs, grains, husk and total dry matter accumulation with higher rates of nitrogen might have the fact of its influence on vegetative growth of the plant, photosynthesis. These results are in accordance with the findings of Quansah, Ammanullah, and Nasim [34-37], who observed maximum dry matter production with increasing levels of inorganic fertilizer.

The data in Figure 4 (SM × N) showed no significant increase in stem dry matter accumulation with increasing N from 0 to 120 kg N ha^-1, at 3 t SM ha^-1. With changing N from 0 to 90 kg ha^-1, plots having 4 t SM ha^-1 showed non-significant effect on dry matter accumulation, but higher sheep manure showed a marked increase with increase in N to 120 kg ha^-1. A strong increase was shown by 4 t ha^-1 sheep manure with increasing N up to 120 over 5 tons SM ha^-1. From SM × N interaction (Figure 5) it is evident that with increase in N from 0 to 120 kg ha- 1. No apparent differences for leaf dry matter accumulation in plots having 5 t SM ha^-1 were observed. However, with 3 and 4 t SM ha^-1 the response was opposite, mean with increase in N increase in leaf dry matter was observed up to 90 kg N ha^-1, and with further increased the leaf dry matter accumulation was decreased. The interaction SM × N (Figure 6) showed that nitrogen increase from 0 to 90 kg ha^-1 dry matter accumulation in cob increased across all the three levels of sheep manure, however with 3 t ha^-1 sheep manure the increase was highest, and slighter with other two levels of sheep manure. The AT × M interaction (Figure 7) demonstrated that increasing SM incorporation from 3 to 4 t ha^-1 no differences for grains dry matter partitioning were observed with its incorporation in plots at the time of sowing compared to increased grain DM when SM was applied 15 days before sowing. The further increasing sheep manure to 5 t ha^-1 non-significantly differences for grains dry matter were observed whether it was used at the time of sowing or before sowing. The SM × N interaction (Figure 8) illustrated a linear increase in grains dry matter accumulation in 4 t ha^-1 sheep manure treatment from 0 through 90 to 120 kg N ha^-1. While in plots received 3 t ha^-1 grains dry matter increased but slightly decreased in 5 t ha^-1 at nitrogen levels of 0 and 90 kg ha^-1, beyond 90 kg ha^-1 increase in N to 120 kg ha^-1 it significantly enhanced in 5 t ha^-1 sheep manure but remain constant in 3 t ha^-1. The AT × SM interaction (Figure 9) clearly pointed out that sheep manure application 15 days before planting had significantly increased total dry matter production across all the three sheep manure levels, however the increase with 5 t ha^-1 sheep manure was higher than both 3 and 4 t SM ha^-1. Likewise, sheep manure incorporation at the sowing time highly enhanced total dry matter accumulation of plants in 5 t SM ha^-1 over sheep manure levels of 3 and 4 t ha^-1. The SM × N interaction (Figure 10) revealed that total dry matter accumulation increased with N incorporation from 0 to 120 kg ha^-1 across 4 and 5 t SM ha^-1, however this increase was small from 0 to 90 kg ha^-1, and from onward this point the increase was higher. In case of 3 t ha^-1 sheep manure total dry matter increased with N application from 0 to 90, and with no differences thereafter up to 120 kg N ha^-1. Higher dry matter production with combined use of sheep manure and urea fertilizer might be due to more leaf area and LAI by these plants, optimum LAI is an indication of better photosynthesis and more assimilates production [26]. These results are in line with Ibeawuchi, Quansah, Iqbal and Burio [5,6,33,34].

Figure 4: Sheep manure (SM) and nitrogen (N) interactive response for stem dry matter (g plant^-1) at physiological maturity.

Figure 5: Sheep manure (SM) and nitrogen (N) interaction for leaf dry matter at physiological maturity.

Figure 6: Interactive response of sheep manure (SM) and nitrogen (N) for cob dry matter (g plant^-1).

Figure 7: Interactive response of sheep manure (SM) and nitrogen(N) for grains dry matter (g plant^-1).

Figure 8: Sheep manure (SM) and nitrogen (N) interactive response for grain dry matter (g plant^-1).

Figure 9: Interactive response of sheep manure (SM) and application time (AT) for total dry matter (g plant^-1).

Figure 10: Interactive response of sheep manure (SM) and nitrogen (N) for total DM (g plant^-1).

Data analysis showed that (Table 3) harvest index was significantly affected by SM, nitrogen levels, AT × SM and SM × N interaction, while application time of SM, and the interactions AT × N and M × AT × N were found non-significant for Harvest index. SM applied at the rate of 5 t ha^-1 resulted maximum harvest index (35.8%), followed by 4 t ha^-1 (33.6%) when compared to the minimum harvest index (31.9%) recorded from 3 t SM ha^-1. The physiological efficiency of crop plants in converting photosynthetic products into grain yield is termed as harvest index [38]. Higher harvest index were recorded from sheep manure incremental levels. This increased harvest index with higher sheep manure levels could be associated with enhanced soil cation exchange capacity, increased C, N, and P content, and lowered hydraulic conductivity of soil [39], That might had improved photosynthetic efficiency (Liu et al.) [40] and enhanced assimilates translocation to economic portion [41], which all have direct effects on grain yield, that might have resulted in higher harvest index. This conclusion was supported by Farhad [2]. Maximum harvest index (36.1%) was recorded from 120 kg ha^-1 nitrogen application, followed by 90 kg N ha^-1 (33.6%) over the minimum (31.6%) observed from control. The increased harvest index with higher levels of N might be due to efficient portioning of assimilates towards the economic portion. These results are in line with Hokmalipour and Darbandi [42] who recorded optimum harvest index from higher N levels. The harvest index further boost up with the integrated use of sheep manure and urea fertilizer. Report of Mohsin [43] supported our finding. The interaction AT × M (Figure 11) indicated that harvest index was greater in plots having low SM (3 t SM ha^-1) when applied before sowing, however, it was greater in plots having greater SM (5 t SM ha^-1) when soil incorporated at the time of sowing. The SM × N interaction (Figure 12) revealed that increasing N from 0 to 120 kg ha^-1 had significantly increased harvest index (%) in plots having 3 t SM ha^-1. However, no significant increases in harvest index were observed with increasing N in plots having higher SM incorporation (4 to 5 t ha^-1). Higher harvest index recorded from SM application prior to planting, might be due to more nutrient uptake and higher dry matter portioning toward grain.

Table 3: Harvest index (%) of maize as influenced by sheep manure and urea fertilizer.

Figure 11: Interactive response of sheep manure (SM) and application time (AT) for harvest index (%).

Figure 12: Interactive response of sheep manure (SM) and nitrogen (N) for harvest index (%).

Conclusion

From the results, it was concluded that application of 5 t sheep manure ha^-1 at 15 days before sowing and 120 kg N ha^-1 produce more dry matter accumulation in terms of leaves, stem, cobs and grains.

Hence, it was recommended for higher dry matter returns in maize crop.

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