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Midfoot cavus; Foot deformity; Biomechanical abnormalities; Various etiologies; Congenital abnormalities; Musculoskeletal injuriess

Introduction

Midfoot cavus, a common foot deformity characterized by an exaggerated arch of the midfoot, presents a significant clinical challenge in both pediatric and adult populations. This introduction provides an overview of midfoot cavus, including its definition, etiology, clinical presentation, and implications for patient care. Midfoot cavus is defined by an abnormally high arch along the midfoot region, leading to increased weight-bearing forces on the forefoot and hindfoot. This deformity can result from a variety of underlying causes, including neurological conditions such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, congenital abnormalities like pes cavus, or acquired factors such as trauma or neuromuscular disorders. Clinically, midfoot cavus may manifest with a spectrum of symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic to debilitating pain, instability, and gait abnormalities. Patients often report difficulty fitting into standard footwear, recurrent ankle sprains, and fatigue during weight-bearing activities. Additionally, midfoot cavus can predispose individuals to overuse injuries, stress fractures, and chronic foot pain, significantly impacting their quality of life and functional capacity [1,2].

Description

Ankle injuries are among the most common musculoskeletal injuries, affecting individuals of all ages and activity levels. Whether caused by sports-related trauma, accidents, or overuse, ankle injuries can result in pain, swelling, instability, and functional limitations. Physiotherapy plays a pivotal role in the comprehensive rehabilitation of ankle injuries, offering a range of interventions aimed at restoring function, reducing pain, and preventing recurrence. One of the primary goals of physiotherapy in ankle injury rehabilitation is pain management [3,4]. Through modalities such as ice, heat, ultrasound, and electrical stimulation, physiotherapist’s help alleviate pain and inflammation, facilitating the healing process. Manual therapy techniques, including soft tissue mobilization and joint mobilizations, further contribute to pain relief by improving tissue extensibility and reducing muscle tightness. Restoring Range of Motion (ROM) is another crucial aspect of ankle injury rehabilitation [5,6]. Immobilization following injury can lead to stiffness and decreased flexibility in the ankle joint. Physiotherapists employ stretching exercises, joint mobilizations, and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) techniques to improve ankle ROM and restore normal joint mechanics. This increased flexibility not only enhances mobility but also reduces the risk of compensatory movements and subsequent injuries [7,8]. Ankle injuries often result in muscle weakness and imbalance, particularly in the muscles surrounding the ankle joint. Physiotherapy interventions focus on strengthening these muscles through progressive resistance exercises, balance training, and functional activities. Strengthening the ankle musculature improves joint stability, enhances proprioception, and promotes optimal biomechanics during weight-bearing activities, thus reducing the risk of re-injury [9]. Balance and proprioceptive training are essential components of ankle injury rehabilitation. Impaired proprioception, or the body's awareness of its position in space, is common following ankle injuries and can predispose individuals to recurrent sprains and instability. Physiotherapists use balance boards, wobble cushions, and proprioceptive exercises to improve proprioceptive feedback and restore ankle stability, enabling patients to safely return to their pre-injury activities [10,11].

Conclusion

In summary, physiotherapy is integral to the comprehensive management of ankle injuries, offering a holistic approach to rehabilitation that addresses pain, restores function, and prevents recurrence. Through a combination of manual therapy, therapeutic exercise, balance training, and patient education, physiotherapists help individuals regain confidence in their ankle function and achieve optimal recovery outcomes.

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