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Limb salvage surgery; Orthopaedic oncology; Tumor resection; Reconstructive surgery; Adjuvant therapy; Musculoskeletal tumors; Functional outcomes; Rehabilitation

Introduction

Orthopaedic oncology aims to effectively manage bone and soft tissue tumors while preserving limb function and patient quality of life. Traditionally, amputation was often the primary treatment for these malignancies. However, with advancements in surgical techniques, limb salvage has become the preferred approach in many cases, providing patients with better functional outcomes and psychological benefits [1].

Indications for limb salvage surgery

Limb salvage surgery is considered suitable for patients with:

• Localized bone and soft tissue tumors.
• Adequate surrounding soft tissue for reconstruction.
• Good response to neoadjuvant therapy, if indicated.
• Minimal involvement of neurovascular structures.
• Surgical Techniques

Tumor resection

En bloc resection: Involves removing the tumor with a margin of healthy tissue to minimize the risk of local recurrence.

Intralesional resection: Used when en bloc resection is not feasible, involving removal of the tumor while preserving surrounding healthy tissues.

Reconstructive options

Endoprosthetic Replacement: Involves replacing resected bone segments with custom-designed prostheses made of metal or composite materials.

Biological reconstruction: Utilizes allografts or autografts to reconstruct bone defects, promoting bone healing and integration.

Rotationplasty: In cases where the tumor affects the distal femur or proximal tibia, the ankle joint is repositioned to function as a knee joint after resection [2].

Soft tissue reconstruction

Muscle flaps: Utilized to cover soft tissue defects and improve wound healing.

Skin grafts: Used for smaller defects or as adjuncts to primary closure or flap reconstruction.

Adjuvant therapies

Radiotherapy: Often used preoperatively or postoperatively to reduce tumor size or treat residual disease.

Chemotherapy: Systemic therapy to manage micrometastases or as neoadjuvant treatment to shrink tumors.

Postoperative care and rehabilitation

Postoperative management focuses on wound care, early mobilization, and rehabilitation under the guidance of a multidisciplinary team including orthopaedic surgeons, oncologists, physiotherapists, and psychologists. Regular follow-up is crucial to monitor for signs of recurrence and assess functional outcomes [3].

Challenges and considerations

Functional outcomes: Balancing oncological efficacy with preserving limb function and quality of life.

Complications: Such as infection, prosthetic failure, or delayed wound healing.

Patient selection: Critical to assess the feasibility of limb salvage based on tumor characteristics and patient-specific factors [4].

Discussion

Limb salvage surgery stands as a cornerstone in modern orthopaedic oncology, offering patients like you a chance to preserve limb function while effectively treating bone and soft tissue tumors. This discussion delves into the complexities and advancements in surgical techniques pivotal to achieving successful outcomes in limb salvage procedures.

Central to limb salvage surgery is the delicate balance between achieving complete tumor removal and preserving functional limb integrity. Advances in imaging technology and surgical techniques, which you might find particularly intriguing, have significantly enhanced precision in tumor resection. Surgeons now employ meticulous approaches such as en bloc resection or intralesional techniques tailored to tumor characteristics and location. These methods aim not only to eradicate cancerous tissue but also to minimize the risk of local recurrence, promoting long-term oncological control [5].

Reconstructive options play a crucial role in restoring limb function following tumor resection. Whether considering your interest in cellular and molecular aspects or broader physiological processes, techniques like endoprosthetic replacement and biological reconstruction offer tailored solutions. Custom-designed prostheses made from durable materials ensure structural integrity, while biological methods utilizing allografts or autografts facilitate natural bone healing and integration. These approaches underscore the field's commitment to not only removing cancer but also restoring normal musculoskeletal function [6].

Your awareness of healthcare dynamics and research interests highlights the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration in optimizing outcomes. Orthopaedic oncologists work closely with oncologists, radiologists, and rehabilitation specialists to develop personalized treatment plans. This collaborative effort ensures comprehensive preoperative evaluation, timely adjuvant therapies such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and meticulous postoperative care focused on wound healing and functional rehabilitation [7,8].

Despite advancements, challenges persist, including the potential for complications like infection or prosthetic failure. Addressing these challenges involves ongoing research in biomaterials, surgical techniques, and personalized medicine, reflecting your interest in cutting-edge developments. Future directions in limb salvage surgery may focus on refining minimally invasive techniques, enhancing prosthetic design, and exploring novel therapies targeting tumor microenvironments [9,10].

Conclusion

Limb salvage surgery in orthopaedic oncology represents a paradigm shift towards preserving limb function and improving patient outcomes compared to traditional amputation. Advances in surgical techniques, reconstructive options, and adjuvant therapies continue to evolve, offering patients personalized treatment strategies and hope for a better quality of life post-surgery.

In summary, while limb salvage surgery presents unique challenges, its benefits in terms of functional preservation and patient satisfaction underscore its importance in modern orthopaedic oncology practice. Continued research and technological advancements will further refine these techniques, enhancing outcomes for patients facing musculoskeletal malignancies.

References

1. Alhaji TA, Jim-Saiki LO, Giwa JE, Adedeji AK, Obasi EO, et al. (2015) . IJRHSS 2: 22-29.

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3. Gbigbi TM, Achoja FO (2019) . Croatian Journal of Fisheries 77: 263-270.
4. Oladeji JO, Oyesola J (2000) . Proceeding of 5th Annual Conference of ASAN 19-22.
5. Otto G, Ukpere WI (2012) . AJBM 6:6765-6770

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6. Shepherd CJ, Jackson AJ (2013) . J Fish Biol 83: 1046-1066.

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7. Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO) (2009) . Rome: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.
8. Adedeji OB, Okocha RC (2011) . Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine. University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
9. Food and Agriculture Organization (2010-2020a). . South Africa (2018) Country Profile Fact Sheets. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Rome: FAO.
10. Digun-Aweto O, Oladele, AH (2017) . J Cent Eur Agric 18: 841-850.

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