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Abstract

Neuroinflammation, the immune response within the central nervous system (CNS), plays a dual role in both protecting and damaging neural tissues. While acute neuroinflammation helps clear infections and repair injury, chronic and uncontrolled inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of numerous CNS disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. Key cellular players, such as microglia and astrocytes, become activated in response to neuronal damage, releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines that disrupt neuronal function and exacerbate disease progression. Additionally, the blood-brain barrier often becomes compromised, allowing peripheral immune cells to infiltrate the CNS, further amplifying inflammation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind neuroinflammation is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the immune response and preventing neurodegeneration. This review highlights the role of neuroinflammation in major CNS disorders and explores potential therapeutic approaches to mitigate its harmful effects.