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A stomach ulcer, also known as a peptic ulcer, is a painful condition that occurs when the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine (the duodenum) breaks down, leading to the formation of an open sore. These ulcers are a common digestive problem that affects millions of people worldwide. While stomach ulcers can vary in severity, they generally cause significant discomfort and, in more severe cases, lead to serious complications. Understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for stomach ulcers is essential for effective management and prevention. The development of stomach ulcers is primarily associated with the imbalance between the protective mechanisms of the stomach lining and the harmful effects of stomach acids. Several factors contribute to this imbalance. The most common cause of stomach ulcers is an infection with Helicobacter pylori, a type of bacteria that can invade the stomach lining. This infection disrupts the mucosal barrier, making the stomach lining more vulnerable to damage from gastric acid. It is believed that over 50% of people worldwide are infected with H. pylori, though not all will develop ulcers. Regular use of NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen can lead to the development of stomach ulcers. These drugs inhibit the production of prostaglandins, substances that help protect the stomach lining from acid. When these protective prostaglandins are suppressed, the stomach lining becomes more susceptible to damage. Alcohol is an irritant to the gastrointestinal tract and can contribute to the development of ulcers by increasing the production of stomach acid and impairing the protective mucus lining of the stomach. While stress and spicy foods are often blamed for causing stomach ulcers, the evidence linking them directly to ulcer formation is weak. However, stress can exacerbate symptoms and delay healing, and a diet high in acidic or irritating foods may worsen ulcer symptoms. Smoking is another major risk factor for stomach ulcers. The chemicals in tobacco can increase acid production in the stomach and impair the healing of existing ulcers. The symptoms of a stomach ulcer can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but common signs include. The most prominent symptom is a burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen, typically occurring between meals or at night when stomach acid levels are highest. The pain may last for minutes or hours and may be relieved by eating or taking antacids. Many individuals with ulcers experience bloating, feeling full after eating small amounts of food, or general discomfort in the abdomen. Ulcer sufferers may feel nauseous or may vomit. In severe cases, vomiting blood or having black, tarry stools could indicate bleeding from the ulcer. While heartburn is more commonly associated with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), it can also occur in people with stomach ulcers due to the increase in stomach acid. In some cases, individuals with stomach ulcers may not experience any symptoms at all, a condition referred to as a “silent ulcer.” However, even in the absence of noticeable symptoms, an untreated ulcer can still lead to complications like bleeding or perforation.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.