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The ameliorating effect of Thymoquinone (TQ), the major active ingredient of Nigella sativa seeds, on Titanium Dioxide
naonparticles (TiO2 NPs) induced toxicity and oxidative stress in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was investigated. 40 rats were
divided into 4 equal groups. The first, second, third and fourth groups received TiO2 NPs, TiO2 NPs and TQ, TQ only for 6
weeks. The fourth group served as the control. Exposure to TiO2 NPs resulted in increased liver enzyme markers, oxidative stress
indices, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-�±) and DNA damage was assessed by comet assay. TiO2 NPs resulted in decreased
level of testosterone hormone. Histopathological alterations were also observed in the liver, brain, lung and testes. Transmission
electron microscopy revealed changes in the hepatocytes cytoplasm related to the oxidative stress and presence of nanoparticles
in the testicular tissues. Co-administration of TQ with TiO2 NPs decreased the level of liver enzymes, oxidative stress, TNF-�± and
DNA damage and ameliorates the level of testosterone. Furthermore, TQ increased the total antioxidant and glutathione (GSH)
levels. In conclusion, TiO2 NPs induce hazardous effects in different organs and are closely related to oxidative stress. TQ have
anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effect against the detrimental effect of TiO2 NPs.