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The incidence of dementia in the elderly, especially Alzheimer锟絪 disease (AD) doubles every 5 years, and estimates of
prevalence showed the presence of dementia in 7-8% of the individuals age 65-75 and 45% after age 85. Therefore, there are
significant scientific efforts to understand the transition from normalcy to dementia, which is essential to develop primary and
secondary prevention therapies. Although there are extensive data on the incidence of dementia in mild cognitive impairment
(MCI) subjects, there are few data on the incidence MCI in cognitively normal subjects. Those data that do exist showed the
majority of the elderly subjects after age 80 develop an MCI syndrome, and that more than half of them progressed to dementia.
Because neuroimaging studies have shown that hippocampal atrophy and amyloid deposition in MCI subjects are predictors
of conversion to AD, it has been suggested that MCI or normal subjects with amyloid deposition or hippocampal atrophy have
a pre-AD state. However, recent studies showed that progression from normal cognition to MCI, or from normal to MCI to
dementia is not always linear. In addition, there are subjects with brain atrophy or amyloid deposition who do not necessarily
progress to dementia, while others can do it within a relatively short period of time. This suggested that the pathophysiology
of the transition from normal to dementia is complex. There are undetermined factors that can 锟絘ccelerate锟� conversion from
normal to dementia in patients with pre-AD pathological features, and that there are other factors that can 锟絧rotect锟� them from
developing a clinical dementia syndrome.
Biography
Oscar L Lopez is Professor of Neurology and Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Director of the Alzheimer锟絪 disease Research Center
of Pittsburgh, and Chief of the Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Division in the Department of Neurology. His primary research interest has focused on
the distribution (incidence and prevalence), behavioral manifestations, risks, and long term outcomes of dementia, especially Alzheimer锟絪 disease, and he has
published classic papers examining the patterns of progression of all clinical forms of Alzheimer锟絪 disease. He has conducted a large scale study in the clinical
diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and he is currently conducting studies of the factors that modulate the transition from normal to MCI and to dementia
in relationship to cerebral amyloid deposition.
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