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Abstract

Global public health bodies warn that without urgent, coordinated action the world is heading towards a post-antibiotic era,
where previously treatable common infections can once again kill.
Antibiotic resistance inevitably develops through continuous bacterial evolution, but excessive inappropriate use of antibiotics
accelerates adaptation of infectious organisms to antibacterial medicines. Appropriate antibiotic use accompanied by better testing
and diagnostics may ensure treatments are maintained, for longer. This means the urgent need to develop new antibiotics must be
accompanied by behavioural changes in how these vital medicines are utilised: A behavioural change in stewardship, for which the
pharmaceutical industry can take a leading role.
Antibiotic stewardship aims to achieve best clinical outcomes related to antibiotic use while minimizing toxicity and other
adverse events: limiting pressure on bacterial populations that drives the emergence of antibacterial-resistant strains. Antibacterial
stewardship involves coordinated interventions designed to improve and measure appropriate use of antibiotics by promoting the
use of optimal treatment including dosing, duration of therapy and route of administration.
The need for coordinated action against multi-drug resistant bacteria has been globally recognized. In May 2014, the
Transatlantic Taskforce for Antimicrobial Resistance (TATFAR) recommended incentivizing antibacterial drug development, as
is now being done. Governments and regulatory authorities have also created special pathways for new antibiotics given the high,
unmet medical need.
Pathogen-specific antibiotic development provides the potential to target and tackle specific bacterial infections with the
opportunity to combine novel diagnostics that promote personalized healthcare. This innately advocates a more selective and
responsible prescribing behavior than with broad-spectrum antibiotics.
However broad-spectrum antibiotics are vitally important in treating the majority of bacterial infections in clinical practice
and must not be overlooked. Drug development programs have been initiated which look at how novel treatments can restore or
potentiate the antibacterial effects of broad-spectrum antibiotics, like beta-lactam antibiotics.
The pharmaceutical industry’s role should not be limited to novel drug development: it also has the opportunity to vitally
support public and healthcare professionals’ education on the appropriate use of novel treatments. This will contribute to a wider
commitment in working with medical societies and institutions in the fight against antibiotic resistance.

Biography

Janet Hammond has been head of infectious diseases at Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (Roche pRED) since June 2012. She was previously vicepresident,
translational medicine in Roche pRED’s former virology research group. Before joining Roche, Janet served as chief medical officer and senior vice-president
of global medical affairs at Valeant Pharmaceuticals. Her other industry positions have included: group director, global clinical research, virology and infectious diseases at
Bristol-Myers Squibb; and head of clinical drug discovery virology at GlaxoSmithKline.