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Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy as a Good Surgical Alternative in Gastric Volvulus Caused by Diaphragmatic Eventration

Ramiro Galvez-Valdovinos^*

Gastrosurgery Department, Angeles Leon Hospital, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico

*Corresponding Author:

Ramiro Galvez-Valdovinos
Gastrosurgery Department, Division of Laparoscopic Surgery
Hospital Angeles Leon, Av. Cerro Gordo No. 311
Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Gto C. P. 37150, México
Tel: 477-7-88-56-83
E-mail: vgalvez@angelesleon.com

Received March 13, 2016; Accepted May 23, 2016; Published May 26, 2016

Citation: Galvez-Valdovinos R (2016) Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy as a Good Surgical Alternative in Gastric Volvulus Caused by Diaphragmatic Eventration. J Pain Relief 5:248.doi:10.4172/2167-0846.1000248

Copyright: © 2016 Galvez-Valdovinos R. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Abstract

Background: Acute gastric volvulus is a rare but potentially life-threatening cause of upper gastrointestinal obstruction. Therefore, emergency physicians must maintain a high index of suspicion when patients present signs and symptoms suggesting foregut occlusion. Surgical treatment of gastric volvulus, secondary to diaphragmatic eventration, can vary with no standard routines. In this communication, we discuss the value of a laparoscopic gastric sleeve to prevent recurrence.

Short Communication

Left hemidiaphragmatic eventration in adult patients is rare; the diagnosis is usually made when a chest radiograph is performed to diagnose another condition. It can be detected in routine chest x-rays with a frequency that varies from 1/1400 to 1/32000 in asymptomatic cases [1]. Diaphragmatic eventration is characterized by a considerably thinning hemidiaphragm. During laparoscopic surgery, one can observe how hemidiaphragmatic thickness is reduced to two thin serous layers (pleural and peritoneal) [1-3]. In large event rations, the left hemi diaphragm usually involves an intrathoracic stomach, leading to a gastric volvulus. The left colic flexure and spleen also ascend to the chest by constant traction of the gastrocolic ligament and omentum. With the thoracic abdominal organs so occupied, the mediastinum and lungs suffer compression. The heart also undergoes a dextrorotation and a shift to the right. Lung retraction is proportional to the severity of the eventration and particularly affects the basal pyramid. Large diaphragmatic eventrations carry a reduction or inversion of diaphragmatic kinetics, impacting ventilatory mechanics.

Therefore, respiratory function tests evidence of a restrictive syndrome usually associated with a decrease from 50 to 25% of vital capacity and forced expiratory volume reduction per second. The etiology of diaphragmatic eventrations is always difficult to determine in adult patients who have no history of trauma or previous surgeries. The probable etiology in this patient group may be phrenic paralysis secondary to previous pericarditis, pleural effusion, or tubercular lung disease. The absence of any other background information can be attributed to a degenerative etiology in the elderly [1]. Some patients with diaphragmatic eventration are asymptomatic. Warning signs usually involve breathing and atypical digestive symptoms.

We previously described a case of an adult patient who had neither a history of trauma nor disease who debuted with an acute gastric volvulus. In this particular case, it was not possible to establish a specific etiology, and diagnosis was established with a CT of the abdomen and endoscopy. The initial treatment of this patient in the emergency department was gastric decompression with a nasogastric tube that we put in place at the time of endoscopy. The patient remained hospitalized on intravenous fluids, parenteral nutrition, antibiotics, analgesics, and proton-pump inhibitors; moreover, the surgery indicated persistence of gastric volvulus. The surgical techniques used to treat the diaphragmatic eventration were gastropexy [4] and diaphragmatic fibrous tissue excision followed by suturing, diaphragmatic incision suturing with superposed planes, and simple plication of the diaphragm. In the adult patient with an eventration of the left hemidiaphragm, without ventilatory compromise, and symptoms of acute gastric volvulus, a good alternative is laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy [5]. In this case, the left hemidiaphragm is high, reaching the fourth or fifth intercostal space. There, the diaphragmatic muscle does not exist. Often, only the left crura is present and the diaphragmatic muscle has deteriorated to a thin and atrophic poorly resistant aponeurotic layer. If clinical evolution allows, the patient must be prepared for a vertical laparoscopic gastrectomy. The technical details are similar to those of a bariatric gastric sleeve; however, some points are discution; the closure of the crura and fixation of the gastric sleeve with omentum so that it will not rotate.

Conclusions

In adult patients with a diaphragmatic eventration on the left side but who have no pulmonary symptoms and an acute gastric volvulus independent of etiology, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a good alternative to consider.

References

1. McNamara JJ, Paulson DL, Urschel HC (1968) Eventration of the diaphragm. Surgery 64:1013-1021.
2. Cherukupalli C, Khaneja S, Bankulla P, Schein M (2003)
3. Shah NN, Mohsin M, Khursheed SQ, Farooq SS, Buchh AA, et al. (2008)
4. Palanivelu C, Rangarajan M, Shetty AR, Senthilkumar R (2007)
5. Gálvez-Valdovinos R, Marín-Santillán E, Funes-Rodríguez JF, López-Ambriz G (2016)